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During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period the German Reichsdeutsche (German citizens) as well as persons of German ancestry were expelled from various Eastern European countries and sent to Germany and Austria. After 1950, some emigrated to the United States, Australia, and other countries from there. The areas of expulsions included Germans who lived in the former eastern territories of Germany which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after the war, as well as Germans in areas occupied by Nazi Germany within the prewar borders of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and the Baltic States By 1950, a total of approximately 12 million Germans had fled or been expelled from east-central Europe into the areas which would become Allied-occupied Germany and Austria. Some sources put the total at 14 million, including migrants to Germany after 1950 and the children born to expelled parents. The largest numbers came from territories ultimately ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union (about 7 million), and from Czechoslovakia (about 3 million). During the Cold War, the West German government also considered as expellees some 1 million foreign colonists settled in territories conquered by Nazi Germany. During the war the long-term goal of Nazi Germany's Generalplan Ost was to exterminate between 45-70 million "non-Germanizable" people in Poland, Czechoslovakia and the western parts of the Soviet Union.〔(Yad Vashem, Generalplan Ost )〕 The post war expulsions of the Germans were part of the geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of postwar Europe that attempted to create ethnically homogeneous nations. In the period 1944-1948 about 31 million people, including ethnic Germans, were permanently or temporarily moved from Central and Eastern Europe.〔Paul Robert Magocsi, ''Historical Atlas of East Central Europe'', University of Washington Press (1993), pp. 164-68; ISBN 0295972483.〕 The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions is disputed, with estimates ranging from at least 500,000 confirmed deaths up to a West German demographic estimate from the 1950s of over 2.0 million. More recent estimates by some historians put the total at 500-600,000 attested deaths: They maintain that the West German government figures lack adequate support and that during the Cold war the higher figures were used for political propaganda. 〔Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich". ''"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung'', Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007; ISBN 978-3-531-15556-2, p. 278〕〔Rüdiger Overmans, "Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung" (a parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw in 1994), ''Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, XXI'' -1994〕 The German Historical Museum puts the figure at 600,000 : they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported.〔(Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45 ), dhm.de; accessed 6 December 2014.〕 Nonetheless, the current official position of the German government is that the death toll resulting from expulsions ranged from 2 to 2.5 million civilians.〔()|Willi Kammerer & Anja Kammerer -- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005, p. 12: published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross; the forward to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily〕〔Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, ()〕〔("Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße" ), bpb.de; accessed 6 December 2014.〕 The displacements occurred in three somewhat overlapping phases, the first of which was the spontaneous flight and evacuation of ethnic Germans in the face of the advancing Red Army, from mid-1944 to early 1945. The second phase was the disorganized expulsion of ethnic Germans immediately following the Wehrmacht's defeat. The third phase was a more organized expulsion following the Allied leaders' Potsdam Agreement,〔 which redefined the Central European borders and approved orderly and humane expulsions of ethnic Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17 July-2 August 1945 )〕 Many German civilians were sent to internment and labor camps.〔 * * *〕 The major expulsions were complete in 1950.〔 Estimates for the total number of persons of German ancestry still living in Central and Eastern Europe in 1950 range from 700,000 to 2.7 million. ==Background== Before World War II, East-Central Europe generally lacked clearly shaped ethnic settlement areas. Rather, outside of some ethnic majority areas, there were vast mixed areas and abundant smaller pockets settled by various ethnicities. Within these areas of diversity, including the major cities of Central and Eastern Europe, regular interaction among various ethnic groups had taken place on a daily basis for as long as centuries, while not always harmoniously, on every civic and economic level.〔Kati Tonkin reviewing Jurgen Tampke's "Czech-German Relations and the Politics of Central Europe: From Bohemia to the EU", ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', March 2004 (Findarticles.com ); accessed 6 December 2014.〕 With the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, the ethnicity of citizens became an issue〔 in territorial claims, the self-perception/identity of states, and claims of ethnic superiority. The German Empire introduced the idea of ethnicity-based settlement in an attempt to ensure its territorial integrity. It was also the first modern European state to propose population transfers as a means of solving "nationality conflicts", intending the removal of Poles and Jews from the projected post–World War I "Polish Border Strip" and its resettlement with Christian ethnic Germans.〔Hajo Holborn, ''A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945''. Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 449〕 The Treaty of Versailles created or recreated several nation-states in Central and Eastern Europe. Before World War I, these had been incorporated in the Austrian, Russian, and German empires. Although the latter two arose and were named on the basis of their respective ethnic majorities, none was ethnically homogeneous.〔Jane Boulden, Will Kymlicka, International Approaches to Governing Ethnic Diversity Oxford UP 2015〕 After 1919, ethnic Germans were classified as minorities in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Romania. After losing their former privileged status in Austria-Hungary, where they had maintained their language and religion in majority-German communities, and the German Empire, many ethnic Germans chose to emigrate to Germany or Austria. Nazi ideology encouraged German minorities in eastern Europe to demand local autonomy. In Germany during the 1930s, Nazi propaganda claimed that Germans were subject to persecution. Nazi supporters throughout eastern Europe (Czechoslovakia's Konrad Henlein, Poland's Deutscher Volksverband and Jungdeutsche Partei, Hungary's ''Volksbund der Deutschen in Ungarn'') formed local Nazi political parties sponsored by Germany, e.g. by Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle. During the Nazi German occupation many citizens of German descent in Poland registered with the Deutsche Volksliste. Some were given important positions in the hierarchy of the Nazi administration, and some participated in Nazi atrocities, causing resentment towards German speakers in general. These facts were later used by the Allied politicians as one of the justifications for expulsion of the Germans.〔Valdis O. Lumans, ''Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1939–1945'', Chapel Hill, NC, USA: University of North Carolina Press, 1993, pp. 243, 257–260; accessed 26 May 2015.〕 The contemporary position of the German government is that, while the Nazi-era war crimes resulted in the expulsion of the Germans, the deaths due to the expulsions were an injustice.〔German President Horst Köhler, Speech, (Köhler Speech ), warschau.diplo.de, 2 September 2006; accessed 6 December 2014.〕 During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, especially after the reprisals for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, most of the Czech resistance groups demanded that the "German problem" be solved by transfer/expulsion. These demands were adopted by the Czechoslovak Government-in-Exile, which sought the support of the Allies for this proposal, beginning in 1943.〔Československo-sovětské vztahy v diplomatických jednáních 1939–1945. Dokumenty. Díl 2 (červenec 1943 – březen 1945). Praha, 1999; ISBN 80-85475-57-X.〕 The final agreement for the transfer of the Germans was not reached until the Potsdam Conference. The expulsion policy was part of a geopolitical and ethnic reconfiguration of postwar Europe. In part, it was retribution for Nazi Germany's initiation of the war and subsequent atrocities and ethnic cleansing in Nazi-occupied Europe.〔Arie Marcelo Kacowicz & Paweł Lutomski, ''Population Resettlement in International Conflicts: A Comparative Study'', Lexington Books, 2007, p. 100; ISBN 073911607X〕 Allied leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States, Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Joseph Stalin of the USSR, had agreed in general before the end of the war that the border of Poland's territory would be shifted west (though how far was not specified) and that the remaining ethnic German population were subject to expulsion. They assured the leaders of the émigré governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia, both occupied by Nazi Germany, of their support on this issue.〔Alfred M. de Zayas, ''A Terrible Revenge'', New York: Palgrave/Macmillan, 1994 (reprinted 2006); ISBN 1-4039-7308-3; accessed 26 May 2015.〕〔Detlef Brandes, ''Der Weg zur Vertreibung 1938–1945: Pläne und Entscheidungen zum "Transfer" der Deutschen aus der Tschechoslowakei und aus Polen'', Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005, pp. 398seqq; ISBN 3-486-56731-4 (Google.de )〕〔Klaus Rehbein, ''Die westdeutsche Oder/Neisse-Debatte: Hintergründe, Prozess und Ende des Bonner Tabus'', Berlin, Hamburg and Münster: LIT Verlag, 2005, pp. 19seqq; ISBN 3-8258-9340-5 (Google.de ); accessed 6 December 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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